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Mobile Nations podcast: State of the camera art
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Google Glass could be up to a year away for consumers, says Eric Schmidt
Feedback from Explorer Edition to help fix issues before consumer release
Speaking to BBC Radio 4's "World at One" today, executive chairman of Google Eric Schmidt fielded among other things a few questions about Google Glass. While the shipping of "Explorer Edition" Glass units last week has the new gadget in the news cycle, Schmidt was a bit less optimistic about the availability of a general release to consumers. His official wording was that Glass for consumers "is probably a year-ish away". While Schmidt isn't exactly well-known for giving perfect predictions on products, you have to assume he has some knowledge of the timetable on a consumer Glass release.
This seems to be a bit of a flexible window at this point, however, as previous statements pegged a consumer release for the end of 2013. Surely as more developers get their hands on the Explorer Editions of the devices, the feedback to Google should help with the final tweaking before a broader release. Google I/O 2013 is just around the corner as well, where we could certainly be given more information.
Source: BBC Radio 4 Via: The Verge
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Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/n6KCttICCCY/story01.htm
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S. Calif. fire forces evacuation of 200 homes
MONROVIA, Calif. (AP) ? Authorities lifted evacuation orders for some residents Saturday night as firefighters made advances on a brush fire in foothills east of Los Angeles, officials said.
About 200 homes were forced to evacuate earlier in the day after the blaze erupted in the San Gabriel Mountains, authorities said.
The fire was sparked by equipment used by a gardener working the backyard, said Jennifer McLain, a city spokeswoman. Flames spread to the hillside behind the residence, scorching about 175 acres and sending a huge smoke cloud that could be seen across the San Gabriel Valley.
The fire did not threaten homes, but authorities ordered evacuations as a precaution. They began lifting evacuation orders late Saturday after firefighters contained 50 percent of the blaze, and winds subsided.
Full containment was expected Sunday.
Fire Chief Chris Donovan said dry, thick brush on steep terrain made the fire difficult to contain.
More than 200 firefighters, aided by water-dropping helicopters and an air tanker, were battling the blaze.
One firefighter suffered a heat-related injury.
As the Monrovia fire burned, a four-acre brush fire ignited across town near Interstate 405, forcing the closure of southbound lanes for at least an hour and causing traffic to back up for miles. That fire has been contained.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/calif-fire-forces-evacuation-200-homes-064121804.html
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Some types of papilloma virus might prevent cervical cancer
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Public release date: 10-Apr-2013[ | E-mail |
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alison.barbuti@manchester.ac.uk
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University of Manchester
Certain types of papilloma virus might actually prevent cervical cancer, according to a new study by researchers from The University of Manchester
Certain types of papilloma virus might actually prevent cervical cancer, according to a new study by researchers from The University of Manchester.
There are over 100 different types of human papilloma virus (HPV). Cervical cancer is known to be caused by infection with approximately 14 so-called "high-risk" types of this virus. Researchers from Manchester looked at the different types of HPV found in cervical smears and invasive cervical cancers from HIV positive and HIV negative women in Kenya. They found high numbers of a specific type of HPV (type 53) in normal cervical smears from HIV positive women, but this was rarely found in HIV negative women. This sub-type was also never found in cervical cancers from either HIV positive or negative women.
Dr Ian Hampson, a Senior Lecturer in Viral Oncology from The University of Manchester who lead the study, said: "It is well known that HIV increases the number of different types of HPV found in any one patient which implies that HIV opens the door for infection with multiple types of HPV. If only high-risk types are present these will undoubtedly accelerate progression to cancer whereas if other types (eg type 53) are also present they may actually compete with the high-risk types to inhibit progression to cervical cancer."
There are 270,000 deaths from cervical cancer globally each year with 85% of these occurring in countries with low resources. In Kenya it is the most common malignancy accounting for between 18 and 23 per cent of all diagnosed cases of cancer.
The study looked at women at samples taken from women in Kenya and results were analysed at The University of Manchester's Viral Oncology Laboratories based at the Saint Mary's Hospital. Completed by Dr Ian Hampson, Dr Lynne Hampson and Dr Innocent Orora Maranga the results have been published in The Open Virology Journal.
Dr Hampson said the study suggested one possible explanation for why, in spite of a large increase in the numbers of HPV infections in HIV positive African women, there was not a corresponding increase in numbers of cases of cervical cancer. This could also explain why another African study had actually shown the risk of developing one specific type of cervical cancer actually dropped in HIV-positive women, he said.
The researchers now plan to do more research in this area. "Our study was quite small and more research with larger sample numbers is now needed," Dr Hampson said. "We also need to work out exactly how one type of HPV might suppress the cancer causing properties of another. If it can be proved that HPV type 53 can inhibit the cancer-causing properties of other high-risk types of HPV, this could potentially form the basis of a simple biological therapy to prevent this disease. This could be extremely useful in low resource countries who cannot afford expensive HPV vaccines."
###
Notes to Editors:
The work was published in the Open Virology Journal and was funded by the Humane Research Trust, The Janice Cholerton Post Graduate Support Fund, The Caring Cancer Trust, The Cancer Prevention Research Trust and United in Cancer UK. Dr Maranga was part-funded by awards from the International Atomic Energy Association and Wellbeing of Women.
To view the article, please click here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594704/
For further information contact or to request an interview with Dr Hampson, please contact:
Alison Barbuti
Media Relations
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences
The University of Manchester
Tel: 0161 275 8383
Email: alison.barbuti@manchester.ac.uk
The University of Manchester
The University of Manchester, a member of the Russell Group, is one of the largest and most popular universities in the UK. It has 20 academic schools and hundreds of specialist research groups undertaking pioneering multi-disciplinary teaching and research of worldwide significance. According to the results of the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, The University of Manchester is one of the country's major research institutions, rated third in the UK in terms of 'research power'. The University had an annual income of 809 million in 2010/11. (http://www.manchester.ac.uk)
Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation
Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust is a leading provider of specialist healthcare services in Manchester, treating more than a million patients every year. Its eight specialist hospitals (Manchester Royal Infirmary, Saint Mary's Hospital, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, University Dental Hospital of Manchester and Trafford Hospitals) are home to hundreds of world class clinicians and academic staff committed to finding patients the best care and treatments. (http://www.cmft.nhs.uk)
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Public release date: 10-Apr-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Alison Barbuti
alison.barbuti@manchester.ac.uk
44-016-172-58383
University of Manchester
Certain types of papilloma virus might actually prevent cervical cancer, according to a new study by researchers from The University of Manchester
Certain types of papilloma virus might actually prevent cervical cancer, according to a new study by researchers from The University of Manchester.
There are over 100 different types of human papilloma virus (HPV). Cervical cancer is known to be caused by infection with approximately 14 so-called "high-risk" types of this virus. Researchers from Manchester looked at the different types of HPV found in cervical smears and invasive cervical cancers from HIV positive and HIV negative women in Kenya. They found high numbers of a specific type of HPV (type 53) in normal cervical smears from HIV positive women, but this was rarely found in HIV negative women. This sub-type was also never found in cervical cancers from either HIV positive or negative women.
Dr Ian Hampson, a Senior Lecturer in Viral Oncology from The University of Manchester who lead the study, said: "It is well known that HIV increases the number of different types of HPV found in any one patient which implies that HIV opens the door for infection with multiple types of HPV. If only high-risk types are present these will undoubtedly accelerate progression to cancer whereas if other types (eg type 53) are also present they may actually compete with the high-risk types to inhibit progression to cervical cancer."
There are 270,000 deaths from cervical cancer globally each year with 85% of these occurring in countries with low resources. In Kenya it is the most common malignancy accounting for between 18 and 23 per cent of all diagnosed cases of cancer.
The study looked at women at samples taken from women in Kenya and results were analysed at The University of Manchester's Viral Oncology Laboratories based at the Saint Mary's Hospital. Completed by Dr Ian Hampson, Dr Lynne Hampson and Dr Innocent Orora Maranga the results have been published in The Open Virology Journal.
Dr Hampson said the study suggested one possible explanation for why, in spite of a large increase in the numbers of HPV infections in HIV positive African women, there was not a corresponding increase in numbers of cases of cervical cancer. This could also explain why another African study had actually shown the risk of developing one specific type of cervical cancer actually dropped in HIV-positive women, he said.
The researchers now plan to do more research in this area. "Our study was quite small and more research with larger sample numbers is now needed," Dr Hampson said. "We also need to work out exactly how one type of HPV might suppress the cancer causing properties of another. If it can be proved that HPV type 53 can inhibit the cancer-causing properties of other high-risk types of HPV, this could potentially form the basis of a simple biological therapy to prevent this disease. This could be extremely useful in low resource countries who cannot afford expensive HPV vaccines."
###
Notes to Editors:
The work was published in the Open Virology Journal and was funded by the Humane Research Trust, The Janice Cholerton Post Graduate Support Fund, The Caring Cancer Trust, The Cancer Prevention Research Trust and United in Cancer UK. Dr Maranga was part-funded by awards from the International Atomic Energy Association and Wellbeing of Women.
To view the article, please click here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594704/
For further information contact or to request an interview with Dr Hampson, please contact:
Alison Barbuti
Media Relations
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences
The University of Manchester
Tel: 0161 275 8383
Email: alison.barbuti@manchester.ac.uk
The University of Manchester
The University of Manchester, a member of the Russell Group, is one of the largest and most popular universities in the UK. It has 20 academic schools and hundreds of specialist research groups undertaking pioneering multi-disciplinary teaching and research of worldwide significance. According to the results of the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, The University of Manchester is one of the country's major research institutions, rated third in the UK in terms of 'research power'. The University had an annual income of 809 million in 2010/11. (http://www.manchester.ac.uk)
Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation
Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust is a leading provider of specialist healthcare services in Manchester, treating more than a million patients every year. Its eight specialist hospitals (Manchester Royal Infirmary, Saint Mary's Hospital, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, University Dental Hospital of Manchester and Trafford Hospitals) are home to hundreds of world class clinicians and academic staff committed to finding patients the best care and treatments. (http://www.cmft.nhs.uk)
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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/uom-sto041013.php
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Fox affiliates 'on board' with pay TV plan
LAS VEGAS (AP) ? Television stations that relay Fox programming are "on board" with a threat to transition the over-the-air network to cable and satellite TV if Internet startup Aereo keeps reselling Fox's signal without paying for rights, the chairman of a Fox group said Tuesday.
Fox's parent company, News Corp., owns just 27 of the more than 200 stations that carry Fox shows such as "American Idol" and "Glee." The rest are affiliates that are independently owned or are part of chains of station owners. Steve Pruett, the chairman of the Fox affiliate board of governors, spoke about the stations' support in an interview with The Associated Press on Tuesday at the annual gathering of broadcasters, the NAB Show.
Chase Carey, the chief operating officer of News Corp., raised the threat Monday amid a legal battle with Aereo. Carey said that if courts can't stop Aereo from taking its signals for free and reselling them to customers, the company would have to make Fox a subscription-only network.
Pruett said that TV stations could send out two signals ? one to cable and satellite providers and another out over the free airwaves. Premium Fox programs could be reserved for paying customers, while the free-to-air broadcasts could be of lesser quality. Pruett said it was too early to go into details.
"We are completely on board with Chase's statement," Pruett said. "We are joined at the hip, so to speak."
Several other representatives who came out of a meeting of Fox affiliates declined to comment.
Currently, anyone with an antenna can pick up a TV station's signals for free. But cable and satellite companies typically pay stations and networks for the right to distribute their programming to subscribers. Industrywide, those retransmission fees added up to $3 billion last year and are expected to double by 2018, according to research firm SNL Kagan.
Last week, that business was shaken after a federal appeals court issued a preliminary ruling siding with Aereo, which contends that it doesn't have to pay those fees because it relies on thousands of tiny antennas. It argues the service it provides starting at $8 a month is similar to individuals using their own antennas and digital video recorders.
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Top Senate Dem sets showdown gun vote on Thursday
Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn., right, accompanied by Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., speaks to reporters on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, April 9, 2014, following a private meeting with families of the victims of the deadly shooting at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn., right, accompanied by Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., speaks to reporters on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, April 9, 2014, following a private meeting with families of the victims of the deadly shooting at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Neil Heslin, center, whose 6-year-old son Jesse was killed in the mass shooting in Newtown, Conn., arrives with other victims' families to meet privately on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, April 9, 2013, with Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn. Heslin gave moving testimony during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing in February on the proposed assault weapons ban. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Neil Heslin, right, whose 6-year-old son Jesse was killed in the mass shooting in Newtown, Conn., arrives with other victims' families to meet privately on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, April 9, 2013, with Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn. Heslin gave moving testimony during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing in February on the proposed assault weapons ban. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Vice President Joe Biden speaks about gun legislation, Tuesday, April 9, 2013, in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House in Washington. The Obama administration continued its efforts to pressure Republicans, with Biden and Attorney General Eric Holder speaking at the White House, joined by law enforcement officials. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)
Bill Sherlach, with daughter Maura Lynn Schwartz, arrives with other families of the Newtown, Connecticut, school massacre to meet privately on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, April 9, 2013, with Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn. His wife, Mary Sherlach, was a school psychologist who was killed during a mass shooting that left 26 people dead at Sandy Hook Elementary School in December 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
WASHINGTON (AP) ? Senate Democrats set Congress' first showdown vote on new gun restrictions for Thursday as a small but growing number of Republicans appeared willing to join them in opposing conservatives' efforts to block debate from even starting.
Making it personal, relatives of victims of the Connecticut school shootings lobbied senators face-to-face at the Capitol on Tuesday in hopes of persuading enough Republicans to back a debate and votes on meaningful gun restrictions.
Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., told reporters Tuesday that he does not know if Democrats will get the 60 votes needed to break an effort by conservatives to prevent consideration of the legislation. But at least six Republicans have indicated an openness to begin debate. There are 53 Democrats and two independents who generally vote with them in the 100-member Senate, but some moderate Democratic senators might defect on an issue that provokes strong emotions among their constituents.
"It would be a real slap in the face to the American people not to do something on background checks, on school safety, on federal trafficking which everybody thinks is a good idea," Reid said, mentioning the elements of the Democratic firearms measure.
A Senate vote to begin debating the legislation would be a temporary victory for President Barack Obama's gun-control drive. It remains unclear, though, whether there are enough votes for final approval of the legislation.
Obama was calling senators from both parties Tuesday to push for the gun bill, according to a White House official.
Before meeting privately with senators at the Capitol, the Connecticut families had breakfast with Vice President Joe Biden at his residence at the Naval Observatory, according to an administration official. That official spoke only on condition of anonymity because the official was not authorized to speak publicly about the meeting.
Obama's gun-control proposals have hit opposition from the National Rifle Association and are struggling in Congress, nearly four months after the issue was catapulted into the national arena by December's slaying of 20 first-graders and six educators in Newtown, Conn.
In a letter to Reid on Monday, 13 conservatives said they will use procedural tactics to try preventing the Senate from considering firearms restrictions, headlined by background checks for more gun buyers and bans on assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines.
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said Monday that he would join the conservatives in trying to block debate.
Earlier Tuesday, Reid stood on the Senate floor before a poster-sized photo of a white picket fence with 26 slats, each bearing the name of a Newtown victim.
"We have a responsibility to safeguard these little kids," said Reid, D-Nev. "And unless we do something more than what's the law today, we have failed."
In a hopeful sign for Democrats, at least six GOP senators have indicated a willingness to oppose the conservatives' efforts to block the gun debate. Sixty votes will be needed to head off the conservative stalling tactics.
"The American people ought to see where everybody stands on this," said Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., who said he wants the debate to proceed.
Also indicating an openness to debate have been GOP Sens. John McCain of Arizona, Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, Susan Collins of Maine, Johnny Isakson of Georgia and Roy Blunt of Missouri.
In a written statement, Sen. Mike Lee, R-Utah, a leader of the effort to block the gun debate, said that effort would prevent Obama from rushing the legislation through Congress "because he knows that as Americans begin to find out what is in the bill, they will oppose it."
The administration was continuing its efforts to pressure Republicans, with Biden and Attorney General Eric Holder making remarks Tuesday at the White House, joined by law enforcement officials.
Democrats were still trying to assess whether Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., had reached an acceptable compromise ? or had a realistic chance of getting one ? with Sen. Pat Toomey, R-Pa., on expanding background checks for more gun purchases, Obama's pivotal gun control proposal.
Manchin exited a lunch with other Senate Democrats Tuesday and said he would report to Democratic leaders later about the status of his talks with Toomey.
"We're still working," he said, adding, "I've done everything I can."
An agreement between the two senators, both among the more conservative members of their parties, would boost efforts to expand background checks because it could attract bipartisan support. Abandoning those negotiations would put Democrats in a difficult position, making it hard for them to push a measure through the Senate and severely damaging Obama's gun control drive.
Georgia's Isakson said Tuesday on "CBS This Morning" that "the issue on background checks is how far they go and whether they violate rights of privacy." But he also said he believes the issue "deserves a vote up or down" in the Senate.
Manchin has been hoping for a deal with Toomey that would expand the requirement to sales at gun shows and online while exempting other transactions, such as those between relatives and those involving private, face-to-face purchases.
Currently, federal background checks are required for sales by licensed gun dealers but not for other transactions. The system is aimed at preventing criminals, people with severe mental health problems and others from getting firearms.
Sens. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., and Mark Kirk, R-Ill., have also continued working for a bipartisan deal. Kirk, though, is considered too moderate to bring other GOP senators with him.
___
Associated Press writers Nedra Pickler, Jim Abrams, Andrew Miga and Henry C. Jackson contributed to this report.
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New approach to testing health, environmental effects of nanoparticles
Home > Press > New approach to testing health, environmental effects of nanoparticles
Abstract:
The topic of nanoparticle toxicity is relevant to both food and energy because engineered nanoparticles are increasingly being incorporated both into food products and devices for energy production - this means that engineered nanoscale materials will either intentionally or unintentionally be released into the ecosystem and the human body. The long-term goal of work in this field is to understand the molecular design rules that control nanoparticle toxicity using aspects of materials science (nanoparticle design, fabrication, and modification), analytical chemistry (developing new assays to monitor nanotoxicity), ecology (monitoring how nanoparticles enter and accumulate in the food web through bacteria and how these nanoparticles influence bacterial function), biology (considering the implications of mammalian exposure to engineered nanoparticles), and ethics (discussing the ethical implications of "disruptive" technology). Taken together, these data suggest that careful consideration of engineered nanoparticle surface chemistry will likely allow design of safe and sustainable nanoscale materials.
Earlier efforts to determine the health and environmental effects of the nanoparticles that are finding use in hundreds of consumer products may have produced misleading results by embracing traditional toxicology tests that do not take into account the unique properties of bits of material so small that 100,000 could fit in the period at the end of this sentence.
That was among the observations presented here today at the 245th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), the world's largest scientific society, by one of the emerging leaders in nanoscience research. The talk by Christy Haynes, Ph.D., was among almost 12,000 presentations at the gathering, which organizers expect to attract more than 14,000 scientists and others.
Haynes delivered the inaugural Kavli Foundation Emerging Leader in Chemistry Lecture at the meeting, being held in the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center and downtown hotels. Sponsored by the Kavli Foundation, the Emerging Leaders Lectures recognize the work of outstanding young chemical scientists. These new presentations will shine the spotlight on scientists younger than 40 years old and not more than 10 years removed from earning their Ph.D.s when nominated, and who have made exceptional achievements in scientific or engineering research. This lecture series will run from 2013 to 2015 and joins the existing "Kavli Foundation Innovations in Chemistry Lecture" series.
"Christy Haynes is the perfect scientist to launch this prestigious lecture series," said Marinda Li Wu, Ph.D., president of the ACS. "Haynes' research is making an impact in the scientific community in efforts to use nanoparticles and nanotechnology in medicine and other fields. And that research has sparked the popular imagination, as well. Haynes was included in Popular Science's 'Brilliant 10' list, a group of 'geniuses shaking up science today.' We are delighted to collaborate with the Kavli Foundation in highlighting the contributions of such individuals."
"The Kavli Foundation is delighted to support a series that brings attention to exceptional young researchers in chemistry. Recognizing these outstanding young chemists will inspire others and help create a vibrant future in the field," said Fred Kavli, founder and chairman of The Kavli Foundation. Added Bob Conn, president of the foundation, "Bright, young researchers possess the energy, motivation and a 'can do' attitude to move science forward. It is often at this stage that scientists do their most innovative work."
The Kavli Foundation is dedicated to advancing science for the benefit of humanity, promoting public understanding of scientific research and supporting scientists and their work. The Foundation implements its mission through an international program of research institutes in the fields of astrophysics and theoretical physics, nanoscience and neuroscience, and through the support of conferences, symposia, endowed professorships, journalism workshops and other activities.
The "Kavli Foundation Innovations in Chemistry Lecture" series debuted in March 2011 and will continue through 2013. These lectures will address the urgent need for vigorous, new, "outside-the-box" thinking, as scientists tackle many of the world's mounting challenges, like climate change, emerging diseases, and water and energy shortages. The Kavli Foundation, an internationally recognized philanthropic organization known for its support of basic scientific innovation, agreed to sponsor the lectures in conjunction with ACS in 2010.
Wu also praised The Kavli Foundation for its support of the lectures and leadership on a broad range of other activities in advancing science. "The Kavli Foundation and the American Chemical Society are excellent partners with remarkably similar missions," Wu said. "ACS' mission statement speaks of advancing the science of chemistry 'for the benefit of Earth and its people.' I am delighted that these two organizations can work together in their dedication to achieving these goals."
Haynes, who is with the University of Minnesota, explained that as manufacturers began using or considering use of nanoparticles in consumer and other products, concerns emerged about the possible health and environmental effects. More than 800 consumer products based on nanotechnology are on the market, according to some estimates. A new field sometimes termed "nanotoxicology" emerged in the last 10 years to investigate those concerns.
"Initial work focused on using the toxicology tests that had been used for years to evaluate bulk materials," Haynes said. "Nanoparticles, however, are inherently different. A nanoparticle of material used in food or a cosmetic lotion may contain just a few atoms, or a few thousand atoms. Regular-sized pieces of that same material might contain billions of atoms. That difference makes nanoparticles behave differently than their bulk counterparts."
A 1-ounce nugget of pure gold, for instance, has the same chemical and physical properties as a 2-ounce nugget or a 27-pound gold bar. For nanoparticles, however, size often dictates the physical and chemical properties, and those properties change as the size decreases.
Haynes said that some of the earlier nanotoxicology tests did not fully take those and other factors into account when evaluating the effects of nanoparticles. In some cases, for instance, the bottom line in those tests was whether cells growing in laboratory cultures lived or died after exposure to a nanoparticle.
"While these results can be useful, there are two important limitations," Haynes explained. "A cell can be alive but unable to function properly, and it would not be apparent in those tests. In addition, the nature of nanoparticles ? they're more highly reactive ? can cause 'false positives' in these assays."
Haynes described a new approach used in her team's work in evaluating the toxicity of nanoparticles. It focuses on monitoring how exposure to nanoparticles affects a cell's ability to function normally, rather than just its ability to survive the exposure. In addition, they have implemented measures to reduce "false-positive" test results, which overestimate nanoparticle toxicity. One of the team's safety tests, for instance, determines whether key cells in the immune system can still work normally after exposure to nanoparticles. In another, the scientists determine whether bacteria exposed to nanoparticles can still communicate with each other, engaging in the critical biochemical chatter that enables bacteria to form biofilms, communities essential for them to multiply in ways that lead to infections.
"So far, we have found that nanoparticles made of silver or titanium may be the most problematic, though I would say that neither is as bad as some of the alarmist media speculations, especially when they are stabilized appropriately," said Haynes. "I think that it will be possible to create safe, stable coatings on nanoparticles that will make them stable and allow them to leave the body appropriately. We need more research, of course, in order to make informed decisions."
This area of research ? how nanoparticles interact with biological and ecological systems ? is the focus of a newly funded multi-institutional partnership that includes Haynes' team. It is the Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, funded by the National Science Foundation Division of Chemistry through the Centers for Chemical Innovation Program.
Haynes' work has led to her involvement in two large bioethics efforts funded by the National Institutes of Health that made recommendations about how to regulate nanoparticles for biomedical use. "I was one of a few scientists in rooms full of lawyers, ethicists and philosophers," she explained. "My job was to provide the bench scientist's perspective on the definitions and recommendations. Both projects produced recommendations that were presented directly to officials in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and other agencies."
####
About American Chemical Society (ACS)
The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With more than 163,000 members, ACS is the world's largest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
For more information, please click here
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